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internalized language

  • 1 internalized language

    Лингвистика: внутренний язык

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > internalized language

  • 2 внутренний язык

    2) Information technology: internal language

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > внутренний язык

  • 3 beherrschen

    I v/t
    1. (regieren über) rule (over), govern; fig. dominate (auch jemanden); (eine Familie, ein Unternehmen) auch rule (over), hold sway over, run umg.; den Luftraum beherrschen control airspace, have air supremacy; fig.: es beherrscht sein ganzes Denken it governs ( oder dominates, determines) his whole way of thinking
    2. fig. (im Griff haben: Lage, Fahrzeug etc.) control, be in control of, have s.th. under control; (Markt etc.) control, dominate; (Technik, Situation etc.) be in control of
    3. (gut können: Sprache) have a good command of, speak (fluently); (Musikinstrument) have complete command of; (Handwerk) have mastered; (sich angeeignet haben: Regeln, Übung etc.) have internalized; seine Schwester beherrscht drei Fremdsprachen his sister speaks three foreign languages
    4. (zügeln: Leidenschaften etc.) (keep under) control
    5. (überragen, bestimmen) command, dominate, tower ( oder soar) above; alte Eichen beherrschen die Landschaft the landscape is dominated by ancient oaks
    II v/refl control o.s., restrain o.s.; beherrsch dich ( bloß)! get yourself under control; sie kann sich gut / schlecht beherrschen she keeps herself / cannot keep herself under control; sie kann sich nicht beherrschen auch she just can’t hold back; (wird schnell wütend) she has a quick temper; ich kann mich beherrschen! umg. iro. (ablehnend) you’ll be lucky!; stärker: not likely!
    * * *
    (dominieren) to rule; to dominate; to govern;
    (kontrollieren) to control; to possess;
    (können) to know
    * * *
    be|hẹrr|schen ptp behe\#rrscht
    1. vt
    1) (= herrschen über) to rule, to govern; (fig Gefühle, Vorstellungen) to dominate
    2) (fig = das Übergewicht haben) Stadtbild, Landschaft, Ebene, Markt to dominate,
    See:
    → Feld
    3) (= zügeln) to control; Zunge to curb
    4) (= gut können) Handwerk, Sprache, Instrument, Tricks, Spielregeln to master
    5) (= bewältigen) Situation to have control of
    2. vr
    to control oneself
    See:
    → auch beherrscht
    * * *
    1) (to direct or guide; to have power or authority over: The captain controls the whole ship; Control your dog!) control
    2) (to hold back; to restrain (oneself or one's emotions etc): Control yourself!) control
    3) (to have command or influence (over): The stronger man dominates the weaker.) dominate
    4) (to become skilful in: I don't think I'll ever master arithmetic.) master
    * * *
    be·herr·schen *
    I. vt
    1. (gut können)
    ▪ etw \beherrschen to have mastered [or fam got the hang of] sth
    sein Handwerk \beherrschen to be good at [or skilled in] one's trade
    sie beherrscht ihr Handwerk she's good at what she does
    ein Instrument \beherrschen to play an instrument well, to have mastered an instrument
    die Spielregeln \beherrschen to know [or have learnt] the rules well
    eine Sprache \beherrschen to have good command of a language
    alle Tricks \beherrschen to know all the tricks
    etw gerade so \beherrschen to have just about mastered [or fam got the hang of] sth
    etw gut/perfekt \beherrschen to have mastered sth well/perfectly
    etw aus dem Effeff \beherrschen (fam) to know sth inside out
    2. (als Herrscher regieren)
    ▪ jdn/etw \beherrschen to rule sb/sth
    ▪ etw \beherrschen to control sth
    ein Fahrzeug \beherrschen to have control over a vehicle
    ▪ etw \beherrschen to dominate sth
    ein \beherrschender Eindruck/eine \beherrschende Erscheinung a dominant impression/figure
    ▪ etw \beherrschen to control sth
    seine Emotionen/Gefühle/Leidenschaften \beherrschen to control one's emotions/feelings/passions
    6. (unter dem Einfluss von etw stehen)
    ▪ von etw dat beherrscht werden to be ruled by sth
    von seinen Gefühlen beherrscht werden to be ruled [or governed] by one's emotions
    II. vr (sich bezähmen)
    ▪ sich akk \beherrschen to control oneself
    ▶ ich kann mich \beherrschen! (iron fam) no way!, not likely!, I wouldn't dream of it!
    * * *
    1.
    1) rule

    den Markt beherrschen — dominate or control the market

    2) (meistern) control <vehicle, animal>; be in control of < situation>
    3) (bestimmen, dominieren) dominate <townscape, landscape, discussions, relationship>
    4) (zügeln) control < feelings>; control, curb < impatience>
    5) (gut können) have mastered <instrument, trade>; have a good command of < language>
    2.
    reflexives Verb control oneself

    ich kann mich beherrschen — (iron.) I can resist the temptation (iron.)

    * * *
    A. v/t
    1. (regieren über) rule (over), govern; fig dominate (auch jemanden); (eine Familie, ein Unternehmen) auch rule (over), hold sway over, run umg;
    den Luftraum beherrschen control airspace, have air supremacy; fig:
    es beherrscht sein ganzes Denken it governs ( oder dominates, determines) his whole way of thinking
    2. fig (im Griff haben: Lage, Fahrzeug etc) control, be in control of, have sth under control; (Markt etc) control, dominate; (Technik, Situation etc) be in control of
    3. (gut können: Sprache) have a good command of, speak (fluently); (Musikinstrument) have complete command of; (Handwerk) have mastered; (sich angeeignet haben: Regeln, Übung etc) have internalized;
    seine Schwester beherrscht drei Fremdsprachen his sister speaks three foreign languages
    4. (zügeln: Leidenschaften etc) (keep under) control
    5. (überragen, bestimmen) command, dominate, tower ( oder soar) above;
    alte Eichen beherrschen die Landschaft the landscape is dominated by ancient oaks
    B. v/r control o.s., restrain o.s.;
    beherrsch dich (bloß)! get yourself under control;
    sie kann sich gut/schlecht beherrschen she keeps herself/cannot keep herself under control;
    sie kann sich nicht beherrschen auch she just can’t hold back; (wird schnell wütend) she has a quick temper;
    ich kann mich beherrschen! umg iron (ablehnend) you’ll be lucky!; stärker: not likely!
    * * *
    1.
    1) rule

    den Markt beherrschen — dominate or control the market

    2) (meistern) control <vehicle, animal>; be in control of < situation>
    3) (bestimmen, dominieren) dominate <townscape, landscape, discussions, relationship>
    4) (zügeln) control < feelings>; control, curb < impatience>
    5) (gut können) have mastered <instrument, trade>; have a good command of < language>
    2.
    reflexives Verb control oneself

    ich kann mich beherrschen — (iron.) I can resist the temptation (iron.)

    * * *
    v.
    to control v.
    to rule v.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > beherrschen

  • 4 Grammar

       I think that the failure to offer a precise account of the notion "grammar" is not just a superficial defect in linguistic theory that can be remedied by adding one more definition. It seems to me that until this notion is clarified, no part of linguistic theory can achieve anything like a satisfactory development.... I have been discussing a grammar of a particular language here as analogous to a particular scientific theory, dealing with its subject matter (the set of sentences of this language) much as embryology or physics deals with its subject matter. (Chomsky, 1964, p. 213)
       Obviously, every speaker of a language has mastered and internalized a generative grammar that expresses his knowledge of his language. This is not to say that he is aware of the rules of grammar or even that he can become aware of them, or that his statements about his intuitive knowledge of his language are necessarily accurate. (Chomsky, 1965, p. 8)
       Much effort has been devoted to showing that the class of possible transformations can be substantially reduced without loss of descriptive power through the discovery of quite general conditions that all such rules and the representations they operate on and form must meet.... [The] transformational rules, at least for a substantial core grammar, can be reduced to the single rule, "Move alpha" (that is, "move any category anywhere"). (Mehler, Walker & Garrett, 1982, p. 21)
       4) The Relationship of Transformational Grammar to Semantics and to Human Performance
       he implications of assuming a semantic memory for what we might call "generative psycholinguistics" are: that dichotomous judgments of semantic well-formedness versus anomaly are not essential or inherent to language performance; that the transformational component of a grammar is the part most relevant to performance models; that a generative grammar's role should be viewed as restricted to language production, whereas sentence understanding should be treated as a problem of extracting a cognitive representation of a text's message; that until some theoretical notion of cognitive representation is incorporated into linguistic conceptions, they are unlikely to provide either powerful language-processing programs or psychologically relevant theories.
       Although these implications conflict with the way others have viewed the relationship of transformational grammars to semantics and to human performance, they do not eliminate the importance of such grammars to psychologists, an importance stressed in, and indeed largely created by, the work of Chomsky. It is precisely because of a growing interdependence between such linguistic theory and psychological performance models that their relationship needs to be clarified. (Quillian, 1968, p. 260)
       here are some terminological distinctions that are crucial to explain, or else confusions can easily arise. In the formal study of grammar, a language is defined as a set of sentences, possibly infinite, where each sentence is a string of symbols or words. One can think of each sentence as having several representations linked together: one for its sound pattern, one for its meaning, one for the string of words constituting it, possibly others for other data structures such as the "surface structure" and "deep structure" that are held to mediate the mapping between sound and meaning. Because no finite system can store an infinite number of sentences, and because humans in particular are clearly not pullstring dolls that emit sentences from a finite stored list, one must explain human language abilities by imputing to them a grammar, which in the technical sense is a finite rule system, or programme, or circuit design, capable of generating and recognizing the sentences of a particular language. This "mental grammar" or "psychogrammar" is the neural system that allows us to speak and understand the possible word sequences of our native tongue. A grammar for a specific language is obviously acquired by a human during childhood, but there must be neural circuitry that actually carries out the acquisition process in the child, and this circuitry may be called the language faculty or language acquisition device. An important part of the language faculty is universal grammar, an implementation of a set of principles or constraints that govern the possible form of any human grammar. (Pinker, 1996, p. 263)
       A grammar of language L is essentially a theory of L. Any scientific theory is based on a finite number of observations, and it seeks to relate the observed phenomena and to predict new phenomena by constructing general laws in terms of hypothetical constructs.... Similarly a grammar of English is based on a finite corpus of utterances (observations), and it will contain certain grammatical rules (laws) stated in terms of the particular phonemes, phrases, etc., of English (hypothetical constructs). These rules express structural relations among the sentences of the corpus and the infinite number of sentences generated by the grammar beyond the corpus (predictions). (Chomsky, 1957, p. 49)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Grammar

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